5/1/2017 0 Comments 107.7 The Bone Weight LossMultiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Neoplasms Treatment (PDQ. Normally, when bacteria or viruses enter the body, some of the B cells will change into plasma cells. The plasma cells make a different antibody to fight each type of bacteria or virus that enters the body, to stop infection and disease. Plasma cell neoplasms are diseases in which there are too many plasma cells, or myeloma cells, that are unable to do their usual work in the bone marrow. When this happens there is less room for healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This condition may cause anemia or easy bleeding, or make it easier to get an infection. Take advantage of the powerful antibacterial and antiseptic properties of onion to treat athlete. Finely slice a medium sized. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 102 1-PROPANOL This report contains the collective views of an international group of. 27 February Despite claims of a recent hiatus in global warming, the number of local temperature extremes has "dramatically and unequivocally increased in number and. Frequent urination, Pain or discomfort (Abdomen (lower)) and Pain or discomfort (Back) WebMD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common medical conditions. The abnormal plasma cells often form tumors in bones or soft tissues of the body. The plasma cells also make an antibody protein, called M protein, that is not needed by the body and does not help fight infection. These antibody proteins build up in the bone marrow and can cause the blood to thicken or can damage the kidneys. Plasma cell neoplasms can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). There are different types of plasma cell neoplasms and not all of them are cancer. The following types of plasma cell neoplasms are cancer: Multiple myeloma. Plasmacytoma. Macroglobulinemia. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is not cancer but can become cancer. There are several types of plasma cell neoplasms. Plasma cell neoplasms are diseases in which there are too many plasma cells, or myeloma cells, that are unable to do their usual work in the bone marrow. Plasma cell neoplasms include the following: Multiple myeloma. In multiple myeloma, abnormalplasma cells (myelomacells) build up in the bone marrow, forming tumors in many bones of the body. These tumors may prevent the bone marrow from making enough healthy blood cells. Normally, the bone marrow produces stem cells (immature cells) that develop into three types of mature blood cells: Red blood cells that carry oxygen and other materials to all tissues of the body. White blood cells that fight infection and disease. Platelets that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. As the number of myeloma cells increases, fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made. The myeloma cells also damage and weaken the hard parts of the bones. Sometimes multiple myeloma does not cause any symptoms. The following symptoms may be caused by multiple myeloma or other conditions. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur: Bone pain, often in the back or ribs. Bones that break easily. Fever for no known reason or frequent infections. Easy bruising or bleeding. Trouble breathing. Weakness of the arms or legs. Feeling very tired. A tumor can damage the bone and cause hypercalcemia (a condition in which there is too much calcium in the blood). This can affect many organs in the body, including the kidneys, nerves, heart, muscles, and digestive tract, and cause serious health problems. Hypercalcemia may cause the following symptoms: Loss of appetite. Nausea or vomiting. Feeling thirsty. Frequent urination. Constipation. Feeling very tired. Muscle weakness. Restlessness. Mental confusion or trouble thinking. Plasmacytoma. In this type of plasma cellneoplasm, the abnormal plasma cells (myelomacells) collect in one location and form a single tumor, called a plasmacytoma. A plasmacytoma may form in bone marrow or may be extramedullary (in soft tissues outside of the bone marrow). Plasmacytoma of the bone often becomes multiple myeloma. Extramedullary plasmacytomas commonly form in tissues of the throat and sinuses; these usually can be cured. Symptoms depend on where the tumor is. In bone, the plasmacytoma may cause pain or broken bones. In soft tissue, the tumor may press on nearby areas, causing pain or other problems. A plasmacytoma in the throat, for example, can make it difficult to swallow. Macroglobulinemia. In macroglobulinemia, abnormalplasma cells build up in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. They make too much M protein, which causes the blood to become thick. The lymph nodes, liver, and spleen may become swollen. The thickened blood may cause problems with blood flow in small blood vessels. Symptoms of macroglobulinemia depend on the part of the body affected. Most patients with macroglobulinemia have no symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur: Feeling very tired. Headache. Nosebleeds. Vision changes such as blurred vision or bulging eyes. Dizziness. Pain, tingling, or numbness in the hands, feet, fingers, toes, or other parts of the body. Trouble walking. Confusion. Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs on the left side. Painless lumps in the neck, underarm, stomach, or groin. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)In this type of plasma cellneoplasm, there are abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow but there is no cancer. The abnormal plasma cells produce M protein that may be found during a routine blood or urine test. In most patients, the amount of M protein stays the same and there are no symptoms or problems. In some patients, MGUS may later become a more serious condition or cancer, such as multiple myeloma or lymphoma. Multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms may cause a condition called amyloidosis. In rare cases, multiple myeloma can cause organs to fail. This may be caused by a condition called amyloidosis. Antibodyproteins build up and may bind together and collect in organs, such as the kidney and heart. This can cause the organs to become stiff and unable to work the way they should. Age can affect the risk of developing plasma cell neoplasms. Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. Plasma cell neoplasms are found most often in people who are middle aged or older. For multiple myeloma and plasmacytoma, other risk factors include the following: Being black. Being male. Having a brother or sister who has multiple myeloma. Being exposed to atomic bomb radiation. Tests that examine the blood, bone marrow, and urine are used to detect (find) and diagnose multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms. The following tests and procedures may be used: Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken. Biopsy: The removal of bone cells, lymph nodes, or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for abnormal cells or signs of cancer. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: The removal of bone marrow, blood, and a small piece of bone by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone or breastbone. A pathologist views the bone marrow, blood, and bone under a microscope to look for abnormal cells. X- ray: An x- ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body. The x- rays are used to find areas where the bone is damaged. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). An MRI may be used to find areas where the bone is damaged. Complete blood count (CBC) with differential: A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following: The number of red blood cells and platelets. The number and type of white blood cells. The amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells. The portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it. Blood or urineimmunoglobulin studies: A procedure in which a blood or urine sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain antibodies (immunoglobulins). For multiple myeloma, beta- 2- microglobulin, M protein, and other proteins made by the myeloma cells are measured. A higher- than- normal amount of these substances can be a sign of disease. Twenty- four- hour urine test: A test in which urine is collected for 2. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it. A higher than normal amount of protein may be a sign of multiple myeloma. Electrophoresis: A test in which a blood or urine sample is checked for M proteins and the amount of M proteins is measured. Cytogenetic analysis: A test in which cells in a sample of blood or bone marrow are viewed under a microscope to look for certain changes in the chromosomes. Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. The prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following: The type of plasma cell neoplasm. The stage of the disease. Whether a certain immunoglobulin (antibody) is present. Whether there are certain genetic changes. Whether the kidney is damaged. Whether the cancer responds to initial treatment or recurs (comes back). Treatment options depend on the following: The type of plasma cell neoplasm. The age and general health of the patient. Whether there are health problems related to the disease. Whether the cancer responds to initial treatment or recurs (comes back). Top Stages of Multiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Neoplasms. After multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms have been diagnosed, tests are done to find out the amount of cancer in the body. The process used to find out the amount of cancer in the body is called staging. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process: X- ray: An x- ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body. Natural Ways To Get Rid Of Athlete. This skin infection, which affects the warm, damp inter- digital spaces between the toes, is characterized by whitening of the skin, along with a burning sensation, redness, flaking and /or scaling of the skin on the feet. However, there are numerous natural remedies to effectively treat athlete. By using natural ingredients which can be easily sourced, you can cure this contagious foot infection in next to no time. Natural Ways to Get Rid Off Athlete. In a bucket of luke- warm water, dilute two to three tablespoons of organic apple cider vinegar. Immerse your feet in the warm water for twenty to twenty five minutes. Now remove your feet from the warm water and pat them dry with a clean towel. The natural acidity of apple cider vinegar kills the fungi which causes the athlete. If you have a particularly bad case of athlete. Peel three to four cloves of fresh garlic. Crush the garlic pods slightly using a large spoon. Now place the crushed garlic pods between the toes. Wear a pair of clean socks and prop up your feet for a couple of hours. After three to four hours, take off the socks and remove the garlic cloves. Repeat this natural treatment for a couple of days to cure the fungal infection. Sprinkle Organic Corn Starch. The warm, humid conditions which exist in the inter- digital spaces between the toes, present the perfect environment for fungi to multiply. To soak up the excess moisture and to keep the space between the toes bone dry, you can use organic starch. Sprinkle organic starch between the toes just before you slip on a pair of clean socks or your shoes. This way the chances of contracting athlete. Finely slice a medium sized onion and place it in a clean muslin cloth. Tie the ends of the muslin cloth tightly. Squeeze the onion slices placed inside the muslin cloth, until you can extract every last drop of juice. Collect the onion juice which trickles out in a clean glass bowl. Dip a cotton ball in the freshly extracted onion juice. Apply the onion juice evenly on the infected foot. Allow the skin to soak up the pungent onion juice for ten to fifteen minutes. Remove the excess onion juice with a wet cloth. Repeat this home remedy twice a day for at least a week. Smear Fresh Aloe Vera Gel. Fresh aloe vera gel which is extracted from succulent aloe vera leaves contain two important hormones namely Gibberellins and Auxin. These two powerful hormones present in fresh aloe vera gel can hasten the natural healing process of the infected skin. Freshly extracted aloe vera gel should be applied thickly on the infected areas of the foot. Leave the aloe vera gel on the affected foot for at least half an hour to forty five minutes. Remove the excess aloe vera gel with cold water. For palpable results, apply aloe vera gel regularly till the fungal foot infection heals completely. Apply Raw Honey. Raw honey contains traces of a compound called propolis. Propolis which is also called bee glue is an antioxidant with powerful healing properties. Individuals suffering from athlete. After applying the honey thickly and evenly on the infected foot, slip on a pair of clean socks. Remove the excess honey in the morning with luke- warm water. Use Lemon Juice. Applying neat or undiluted lemon juice will sting the cracked and peeling skin on the feet due to athlete. However, the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties of fresh lemon juice can destroy the fungi responsible for athlete. Daub freshly squeezed lemon juice on the infected areas of the feet. Permit the infected regions of the skin to soak up the pure lemon juice for ten to fifteen minutes. Regular application of lemon juice can cure athlete’s foot in just a few days time. Try Himalayan Rock Salt Foot Soak. Himalayan rock salt is mined from the Himalayan Mountains. Himalayan rock salt which is one of the purest salts available on earth possesses powerful anti- fungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties that can cure numerous infectious diseases. To prepare the Himalayan rock salt foot soak, dilute one to two heaped tablespoons of Himalayan rock salt in a bucket of luke- warm water. Immerse the infected foot / feet in the salt water for ten to fifteen minutes. Now pat your feet dry with a clean turkey towel. Apply Ginger Tonic. Organic ginger contains a powerful healing compound called caprylic acid which can cure fungal skin infection. This tonic can be prepared by placing a slice of crushed organic root ginger in a cup of boiling hot water for five to ten minutes. Once the mixture cools down completely, dip a clean cotton ball in the liquid. Daub the ginger tonic evenly over the fungal skin infection. Repeat this home remedy till the fungal foot infection clears completely. Apply Coconut Oil. Extra virgin coconut oil can kill the fungi responsible for athlete. Apply pure coconut on the fungal skin infection. Leave the virgin coconut oil on the infected regions of the skin for half an hour. Wash off the excess coconut oil with luke- warm water. You are sure to witness some starling results with regular application of coconut oil. The Ultimate Guide to Vitamins and Minerals. We see cartons of juice and boxes of cereal trumpeting their vitamin and mineral content, but why are these microscopic nutrients so important? From helping the body turn food into fuel, to fortifying bones and eyesight, vitamins and minerals are health superstars for sure. While the average diet usually includes adequate amounts of the essential nutrients without issue, it doesn’t hurt to be a little more aware of the vitamins and minerals that keep us living and smiling. But first, let’s iron out some key terms. Getting Started. Vitamins: Organic substances required for normal cell function, growth, and development. There are 1. 3 essential vitamins. We are less likely to become deficient in these vitamins (A, D, E, and K), but more likely to build up to toxic levels, usually due to extreme overconsumption or overzealous supplement use. When in excess, these vitamins are flushed out of our system with each bathroom break. The water- soluble vitamins — biotin, vitamin C, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, and the four B complex vitamins — need to be restored more frequently, but the body can tolerate higher doses. Minerals: Minerals are inorganic substances (meaning they contain no carbon), and all hold on place on the good ol’ periodic table (flashback to 6th grade chemistry class!). They’re also necessary for normal body function and development. There are two groups of minerals: macrominerals (which the body needs in large doses) and trace minerals (only a pinch required). RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowances, or RDAs, represent the average daily dietary intake of each vitamin and mineral a person needs to stay healthy and steer clear of deficiencies. The values, which are all backed by scientific data, are broken down by age and gender. AI: For those vitamins for which an RDA has not yet been set (usually due to lack of scientific data), an AI, or adequate intake level, is used in place. UL: The tolerable upper intake level (UL) is the maximum amount of daily vitamin or mineral dosage that is likely to be safe for the average person. Stay under the UL radar (especially when using supplements) to keep toxicities at bay. The Measurements: Vitamins or minerals that are needed in larger doses are expressed in units of milligrams (mg). Trace minerals and vitamins are expressed in micrograms (mcg). There are 1,0. 00 mcg in one milligram (no fancy math here). All of Greatist’s recommendations for daily intake (“What You Need”) and limits (What’s Too Much”) follow the RDA, AI, and UL guidelines. The Key Players. Biotin (a. Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H): Like the rest of the water- soluble B- complex vitamins, biotin plays a huge role in cell growth and food metabolism Biotin. Zempleni, J., Wijeratne, S. S.,Hassan, Y. I. Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Nebraska. Biofactors, 2. 00. Jan- Feb; 3. 5(1): 3. Metabolism is the process by which our bodies covert the food we eat into energy that can then be used to power everything we do, from thinking, to running, to hula- hooping. Deficiency of this vitamin is extremely rare, but overdoing it on raw egg whites has been known to prevent biotin absorption (albeit, in a pretty old study) (we’re looking at you, Rocky) A separation of the direct toxic effects of dietary raw egg white powder from its action in producing biotin deficiency. The British Journal of Nutrition, 1. What You Need: 3. How to Get It: Cooked salmon (4- 5 mcg per 3 ounces) whole grains (0. What’s Too Much: Not determined. Calcium: Got milk? Guzzle a glassful to get the daily dose of calcium, a macromineral crucial for the healthy development of bones and teeth. But that’s not all — calcium also offers a helping hand in muscle function, blood clotting, nerve signaling, hormone secretion, and blood pressure Recommended intake of calcium and vitamin D. Positioning of the Nutrition Committee of the AEP. Martinez, S., Moreno, V. J. M., Dalmau, S. J., et al. Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias, Centro de Salud El Llano, Gij. Annals of Pediatrics, 2. Feb 1. 4. And alongside its sidekick, Vitamin D, calcium helps ward off osteoporosis Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta- analysis for the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Chung, M., Lee, J., Terasawa, T., et al. Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2. Dec 2. 0; 1. 55(1. While getting too much calcium from dietary sources is rare, taking too many calcium supplements may carry some risk for kidney stones formation or heart disease, though the research is inconclusive Associations of dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation with myocardial infarction and stroke risk and overall cardiovascular mortality in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study (EPIC- Heidelberg). Li, K., Kaaks, R., Linseisen, J., et al. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben, Zurich, Switzerland. Heart, 2. 01. 2 Jun; 9. What You Need: 1,0. How to Get It: Quench calcium thirst with milk (3. What’s Too Much: 2,5. Choline: Choline, another water- soluble B vitamin, is a building block of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is essential for the nerve and brain activities that control memory and muscle movement. Choline also helps turn the food we eat and our stored energy (hello, love handles) into fuel Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Nutrition Reviews, 2. Nov; 6. 7(1. 1): 6. Choline: critical role during fetal development and dietary requirements in adults. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Annual Review of Nutrition, 2. Vegetarians, vegans, pregnant women, and endurance athletes are at greater risk for choline deficiency, which is linked to fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, and impaired fetal development Choline deprivation: An overview of the major hepatic metabolic response pathways. Al- Humadi, H., Zarros, A., Kyriakaki, A., et al. Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2. May 1. 0. Extremely high doses won’t kill you, but consuming more than 1. What You Need: Men = 5. Women = 4. 25mg How to Get It: Eggs (1. Brussels sprouts (both 6. What’s Too Much: 3,5. Chromium: You may have chrome wheels, but do you have chromium- dense meals? Though this trace mineral is thought to enhance insulin activity and the breakdown of the sugars that we eat, it’s only needed in small amounts and is not considered “essential” Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Trumbo, P., Yates, A., Schlicker, S., et al. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, The National Academies, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of the American Diabetic Association, 2. Mar; 1. 01(3): 2. Though some chromium supplements tout muscle building and weight loss benefits, there is no solid research evidence that backs up the claims A pilot study of chromium picolinate for weight loss. Yazaki, Y., Faridi, Z., Ma, Y., et al. Yale- Griffin Prevention Research Center, Derby, CT, USA. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2. Mar; 1. 6(3): 2. 91- 9. In fact, overconsumption of chromium supplements could cause kidney damage Effects of chromium picolinate on glycemic control and kidney of the obese Zucker rat. Mozaffari, M., Abdelsayed, R., Liu, J., et al. Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, Georgia, USA. Nutrition & Metabolism, 2. Dec 1. 0; 6: 5. 1. So shelf the supplement and try an absperiment instead for rock- hard abs. What You Need: Men = 3. Women = 2. 5 mcg How to Get It: There’s heavy metal (chromium metal, that is) in broccoli (2. English muffins (3. What’s Too Much: Not determined. Copper: Don’t be penny- pinching with this shiny mineral, which is an essential trace element and antioxidant. Frontline in the creation of red blood cells, copper is also important for proper energy metabolism, immunity, and nervous system function Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Trumbo, P., Yates, A., Schlicker, S., et al. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, The National Academies, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of the American Diabetic Association, 2. Mar; 1. 01(3): 2. Though few and far between, copper deficiencies may manifest as anemia, a low white blood cell count, and bone deterioration The role of copper, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc in nutrition and health. Chan, S., Gerson, B., and Subramanjam, S. Quest Diagnostics Incorporated Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 1. Dec; 1. 8(4): 6. 73- 8. While copper toxicity from dietary intake is rare, cases of acute copper poisoning (which leads to some not- so- nice tummy troubles) have occurred due to contaminated water supplies or leaching from copper containers A series of patients in the emergency department diagnosed with copper poisoning: recognition equals treatment. Gunay, N., Yildrim, C., Karcioglu, O., et al. Department of Emergency Medicine, Sahinbey Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2. Jul; 2. 09(3): 2. What You Need: 9. How to Get It: Instead of gnawing on pennies, try cooked liver—yum! What’s Too Much: 1. Freshwater Fishes of Iran, Species Accounts. Freshwater. Fishes of Iran. Species Accounts. Cyprinidae. Introductionwith. Abramisto. Cyprinus. Revised. 0. 3 June 2. Back to Contents. Introduction. This family contains by far the most species in the Iranian freshwater ichthyofauna. Abramis to Cyprinus (here), and. Garra to Vimba (see. Contents). The family is found in. North America, Eurasia and Africa. Other common names in English for. In Iran. the family is represented by about ? The primitive chromosome number. Cyprinus, Carassius. Collares- Pereira (1. The first pectoral and the first pelvic fin ray are unbranched. Pharyngeal teeth lie on a modified, fifth. The arch has to be removed with dissecting. Tooth counts are presented as a formula. Teeth may be lost from major or minor rows so. A horny pad on the. Tooth form varies with the food - molar- shaped teeth. These two subfamilies. Iranian genera. Zardoya and Doadrio (1. European, and found. Cyprininae (including barbins) and Leuciscinae. They also found the phylogenetic utility of barbel. The number of rows of pharyngeal teeth were a more reliable. The Middle East leuciscine. Europe as an important Palearctic influence consistent with the. Lago Mare dispersion while the the cyprinine cyprinids show three highly. Euro- Mediterranean area (Barbus/Luciobarbus). Lago Mare dispersion, one shared with Africa (Carasobarbus/Varicorhinus. Asia (Garra). The Lago Mare. Mediterranean Sea 5. MY ago. in the Late Miocene when freshwater fish were able to disperse through. Paratethys Sea to reach the Middle East (Bianco. Some data of Durand et al. But note that some authors place Barbus. Indian genus Tor and that evidently more work needs to. Euro- Mediterranean relatives, but whose origins may well lie in the Oriental Region. Cyprinion has no sister species in the. Euro- Mediterranean area and has been isolated in the Middle East since before. MY ago. Cyprinion may have entered the. Middle East during the colonization event that isolated the genera Barbus. Schizothorax in the European and Asian basins respectively. The. divergence of these species is similar in time to the radiation of the. Leuciscinae supposedly centred in Siberia based on fossil records. Siberia. was probably an important dispersion centre for both Leucicinae and Cyprininae. Otero (2. 00. 1) describes a ? Barbus sp. Carps have extremely sensitive. Weberian apparatus and this is thought to account for. This chemical stimulates other carps to flee and hide. Carps are remarkable for changes they. Some fish, which are usually. Nuptial, pearl or breeding. These changes are most apparent in males. Tubercles and swollen. Generally. males have longer pectoral fins than females. Tubercles are also used. Colour attracts. females for mating. Nest building males are larger than females, the. Not all species build nests and some simply broadcast. Fractional spawning is common in. This is a prolonged spawning season which ensures no single. Carps are mostly omnivores, feeding on small. Diet is reflected in pharyngeal. Gut length is important too. A long. intestine indicates a reliance on plant material which takes longer to. A simple, s- shaped gut is found in insectivorous fish. A black. peritoneum is thought to protect gut bacteria from damaging light. The. bacteria aid in breaking down the strong cell walls of plants. Size. and shape of the mouth are also indicative of diet. Carps are found in. These are. schooling fishes, especially when young. Raising. minnows as bait and as forage fish for sport fish is a big business in. U. S. A. They are an important element in the commercial aquarium. Cyprinids were also important in the past, sacred fish. Mesopotamia in 3. B. C., and in Iran today. Common, grass and silver carps are processed into fish. Iran (Iranian Fisheries Research Organization Newsletter, 2. Danesh- e- Khoshashi (1. Chinese carps in Gilan Province. The production of Chinese. Iran. Chinese carp fingerling production was 2. Bartley. and Rana, 1. Stakei (1. 99. 9) studied nutrients, BOD and COD in. Chinese carps. A review of world. Chinese carps, is. Billard (1. 99. 5). They note that silver carp production increased. Most carp. production occurs in the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Khuzestan. Carp broodstock is selected based. Adults. are replaced after 3- 4 years. Circular concrete tanks are used for. The young carp are grown to market size in. In 1. 99. 4, there were 2. Organic and inorganic. Fertilizers. include urea (1. Supplementary diets include a variety. Fingerlings are stocked in. March- April at a density of 2. November and February. Production is 1. 6- 5. Cultivated carps are. Ebrahimzadeh et al. Experimental production of 3. In the early 1. 97. Carl Bond. archives, Oregon State University, Corvallis). There are about 3. Yearly production of all cultured. In addition private sector. Emadi, 1. 99. 3a). Polyculture. of common, bighead and silver carp has been tried in Iran (Kamaly. Fish were stocked in four 2. Bighead and silver carp attained. Pen culture in the Caspian Sea has been investigated for Cyprinus. Chinese carps (Iranian Fisheries. Research and Training Organization Annual Report, Tehran, 1. Hormone injections were used to induce breeding of fish. Spawning occurred within. The percentage of hatched larvae in this. The increase was 6% for grass carp. Active larvae increased. Additionally female breeder mortality was 3. Even small species and specimens. Luciobarbus barbulus, Carasobarbus luteus, Alburnus mossulensis. Cyprinion macrostomum and Garra rufa among others. There is always the potential for escapes and establishment of this. Additionally, Mortezavi Zadeh et al. There is. also an extensive aquarium fish culture industry in southern Iraq, an additional. Coad, 2. 01. 0). Genus Abramis. Cuvier, 1. 81. 6 The bream genus comprises 4 species found in Europe, Asia Minor and the Caspian and Aral Sea basins. There are 2 species in Iran. Blicca and Vimba. They did not examine any Iranian material. Kozhara. and Mironovskiy (1. Some earlier. works also indicate that no subspecies exist (see Reshetnikov et al., 1. The. Iranian populations are referred to the type subspecies for the. The type locality of this subspecies is the Aral Sea at Muinak. Lake Yaskhan in the Uzboi. Significant differences were noted. These differences were attributed to differing. The greatest genetic diversity was. Azerbaijan which was significantly different from the Iranian samples. Abramis brama bergi Grib and Vernidub, 1. Abramis. sapa bergi Belyaeff, 1. Eschmeyer et al. It was replaced by Abramis brama orientalis. There is a strong dorsal ridge. Dorsal fin with 3 unbranched and 8- 1. Lateral line scales 4. The lateral line is. Scales are regularly arranged, sheathing the anal. Scales have numerous fine circuli but only relatively few. In a fish about 6 cm long. The focus is almost central and the. There is a pelvic axillary scale. The. ventral keel between the pelvic fin bases and the anal fin is. Gill rakers number 1. They are strongly tuberculate on the inner. Vertebrae 3. 8- 4. Caspian populations. Weberian vertebrae). The. chromosome number is 2n=5. Klinkhardt et al., 1. Other variants are summarised in Tadajewska (1. In young fish, the hook is more pronounced and. The gut is s- shaped with a small anterior loop. Scale tubercles. appear singly, in pairs or occasionally as 3 per scale. There is some. evidence of differences in gill raker counts between the sexes but. Overall colour is silvery. The iris is. silvery with a little grey pigment on the upper part. The dorsal and. caudal fins are pale grey, almost transparent, to a greyish- blue, the. All fins except the pectorals have black tips. Large fish. are a dark olive- green on the back and bronze on the flanks and old. The peritoneum is silvery to light brown. In Iran it is found from the Astara to the Atrak. Caspian Sea basin (Kozhin, 1. Anzali Mordab, its outlets, tributaries. Siah- Keshim Protected Region (Hol. This species is also recorded from the Karakum Canal and Kopetdag. Reservoir in Turkmenistan (Shakirova and Sukhanova, 1. Sal'nikov. 1. 99. Iranian waters in the Tedzhen (= Hari). River basin where it has been reported by Aliev et al. It. origins may lie in a Danubian or Sarmatian fauna. Habitat. The bream prefers still water and is low in numbers even in rivers. Abundant littoral vegetation and a very muddy. It retreats to deeper water in winter, forming schools. Muus and. Dahlstr. It is more numerous in the Anzali Mordab along the Caspian coast of. Iran (Jolodar and Abdoli, 2. Adults can live in a salinity of 1. Salinity and water level changes have significant effects on abundance. Population densities vary markedly in both fresh and brackish water populations. They feed. in the brackish sea but spawn and winter in the lower reaches and. A spring migration up rivers begins with ice. In the fall the fish migrate. In Russian parts of the Caspian. Knipovich (1. 92. Iranian Caspian Sea. Shukolyukov in Berg, 1. The spring bream entered the. Mordab for spawning only while the winter bream overwintered in bottom. Changing conditions in the mordab environment in the late 1. Riazi (1. 99. 6) reports. Siah- Keshim Protected Region of the Anzali Mordab. In Uzbekistan. females mature at lengths ranging from 1. Kamilov, 1. 99. 4). Maturity is attained at. Iran. The maturity range is 2- 1. Females predominate in the. Semi- migratory bream of the. Caspian Sea have a fast growth rate and a short life cycle, reaching. Over a three year period there was a decline in average age. The average length, weight and. The rate of recruitment. Saiad Borani, 2. 00. Abdolmalaki (2. 00. Caspian Sea fish from Iran and found mean fork length, weight and age to. The length- weight relationship. W = 0. 2. 31. 2L2. Bertalanffy growth parameters were Lt. The exploitation rate (E) was 0. Biomass was calculated. Food. Young fish feed on zooplankton. Adults use a strong sucking power. In the northern Caspian Sea food items. Cumacea, Corophiidae, the clams Adacna (6. Monodacna, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae), Polychaeta. Gammaridae, Mysidae, and Oligochaeta. When overcrowded or in turbid.
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